By Mary Muthoni Muruiki, Principal Secretary Public Health and Professional Standards
Drug and substance abuse remains a serious crisis in Kenya, affecting around 4.7 million people aged 15 to 65. The impact is felt in families, communities, and the healthcare system, with young people being the most vulnerable. Many are involved in alcohol, tobacco, khat, and cannabis use. The need for action is urgent.
The government, through the State Department for Public Health and Professional Standards, has introduced a broad strategy to tackle this problem. However, this fight cannot be won by the government alone. A combined effort from county governments, healthcare workers, law enforcement, civil society, schools, and the public is essential.
One of the government’s most significant commitments is the inclusion of addiction treatment in the Social Health Insurance Fund (SHIF), making it more affordable for those seeking help. The plan to set up rehabilitation centers in areas where substance abuse is most widespread is another crucial step toward structured recovery. Strengthening tobacco control laws by introducing new graphic health warnings and updating the Tobacco Control Act of 2007 is a positive move to discourage addiction from an early stage.
The devastating effects of drug abuse are best understood through real-life stories. Kevin a 23-year-old from Nairobi, struggled with heroin addiction for years before finding help through an NGO. After treatment, counseling, and vocational training, he was able to rebuild his life.
In Kiambu, Margaret, a mother of three, struggled to support her 19-year-old son, Peter, who became addicted to alcohol due to peer pressure. With limited rehabilitation options, they turned to a community church program. These cases highlight the need for more accessible and well-funded rehabilitation centers.
Kenya can also learn from other countries that have successfully tackled substance abuse. Rwanda’s nationwide community-based rehabilitation model ensures that people battling addiction receive care close to home.
The Isange One-Stop Centers provide medical, psychological, and legal support, giving individuals a real chance at recovery. Portugal, on the other hand, took a different approach by decriminalizing drug use and focusing on treatment rather than punishment. This shift has significantly reduced drug-related deaths and improved public health outcomes. In the United States, states like Vermont have implemented the hub-and-spoke model, connecting primary care providers with specialized addiction treatment centers to offer continuous and comprehensive care.
While national policies are important, county governments must take a more active role by allocating funds for prevention programs, rehabilitation facilities, and long-term support services for recovering individuals. Community health workers should be trained to identify and assist people struggling with addiction, ensuring they receive help before their condition worsens.
Law enforcement agencies must intensify efforts to stop the illegal drug trade, particularly at entry points. Schools should introduce stronger drug awareness programs and provide safe spaces for affected students. At the same time, civil society groups, religious organizations, and community leaders must continue raising awareness and offering mentorship programs to guide young people away from substance abuse.
The public has an equally important role to play in this fight. Reporting drug trafficking activities, supporting individuals in recovery, and breaking the stigma surrounding addiction are critical steps. Addiction should not be seen as a personal failure but as a health condition that requires professional medical and psychological support. Many people hesitate to seek help due to fear of judgment, which only worsens the crisis.
Addressing drug and substance abuse is a responsibility we all share. It affects families, communities, and the nation’s future. Change will only happen if every sector and individual takes action—through prevention, support, and advocacy. We cannot afford to look away. It is time to stand together, protect our youth, support affected families, and build a healthier, more resilient society.
